adding to this very good answer: especially in Europe legal, cultural and language borders can differ quite a bit due to history and geography. I’m from South Tyrol, an italian province at the Austrian border. The majority of people there speak a german dialect, we have german schools, public administration and everything, but are a language minority in Italy. The historic explanation is that after WW1 this region became part of Italy, taken fron Austria-Hungary.
Further there is a third official language in South Tyrol, basically only spoken in two valleys anymore, the “Ladin”. It’s a very old language, related to similar language island in adjacent italian provinces and Switzerland. Those languages basically just preserved themselves for geographic reasons (hard accessible valleys and mountains). for this reason those languages tend to differ already between to neighbouring valleys. I was tought, that most of South Tyrol spoke Ladin at some point, but after the Swiss turned Calvinistic, the catholic (and austrian) bishop of the region forced the south-tyroleans to speak german to distance them from the heretic Swiss.^^
During WW2 the fascists in Italy forced South Tyrol to speak italian and forbade everything german, including local, personal and family names; one reson certainly was to enforce this ideology of “one nation, one culture, one people”.
Returning to OPs question: In South Tyrol there are german schools, where you learn italian and english as mandatory second languages, analogously for italian schools. Both languages are valid for any official entity (in theory). In the valleys mentiined above, they also have ladin schools.
I can throw South Tyrol into the mix. It’s italian territory, but most of the population speaks a bavarian (german) dialect, it’s culturally very Austrian (used to be Austria until end of WW1) and is very geographically beautiful. It’s also a rich province and I think teacher’s pay is also decent, but can also be expensive compared to other places in Italy.
The people can be strange and seem secluded, but I would say we are generally open-hearted and friendly. Catholicism is, however, like everywhere in the Alpine region, a big part of the culture, but most participate only for those reasons and I never experienced any sexuality motivated hate. Fun fact: my elementary school religion (!) teacher out themselfs to us as lesbian, and years later they transitioned and a’were still teaching there (however, different subjects).
The school system is a bit weird also: there are german schools, where italian is tought as a second language, and vice versa. English is part of both schools types. There are few private schools (I went to one of those, they have to still conform with teaching curricula etc.) and afaik the qualifications for teachers are more relaxed there; they usually filter applicants on a more individual basis.