Android Open Source Project, it’s the open base that the actual Android releases are built upon. It’s not really usable as is, since it lacks the required kernel blobs and software that people have come to expect (like Google’s proprietary stuff).
Makes sense, there wouldn’t be many 200-300 € laptops if Windows cost 80-100 € for them.
Yep, and not a small price at that. While the home license is not as expensive, it’s still mid two digits. IIRC pro version typically costs around 100 € even as the bundled OEM license, especially if you’re buying a laptop from a smaller manufacturer. That’s the amount I remember the price going down if you drop windows licensing from a corporate laptop lease.
In any way it’s not an insignificant price.
Apple used to have a function in macs with FireWire, where if you had T pressed down on the keyboard while booting, the computer booted into a mode where you could use it as a FireWire external hard drive. An insanely useful feature, for migrating files off old machines, installing OS onto a machine without a functional optical drive, quickly stealing your friend’s hard drive contents etc.
It’s a shame it didn’t really take off as a more common feature. It would be a useful feature in so many situations, nowadays the closest I can get to it is a custom USB stick with a linux distro that tries to discover all volumes and expose them as network drives, but it’s a lot more complicated to use than just having something you plug in and it simply works. I’d love it if they did a similar thing with thunderbolt, but as far as I know it’s no longer an option.
That would be the dream indeed. It’s so fluid after you learn it. Other networking equipment often has good configuration CLIs as well (like juniper and vyos), but Cisco is probably the best in my experience. It’s also nice how consistent they are across generations.
You can get about as close as it’s possible in a normal operating system with zsh and plugins like zsh-autocomplete. Bash tries to pick up the possible alternatives from context as well (with tab suggestions) that act somewhat like ? on Cisco CLI, but implementing it is left up to the command itself to provide for the shell. Many commands luckily provide very robust autocompletion to bash out-of-the-box, especially if installed via the system package manager.
Unfortunately we’ll probably never reach the point of actual configuration CLIs since they only have a set amount of commands that are developed by the same company. It would be close to impossible to achieve the same level of standardisation for a general operating system, as we don’t know the entire configuration of the system and there are multiple incompatible flag schemes. (As styles go, things like dd and ffmpeg throw a wrench in the works with their non-standard flags)
They did not really work for us, but purposely built a pension system where they paid in about 10-13 % of their income towards the pensions, while reaching pension age between 60-65. That, and a public health sector that prioritises urgent care over preventative, meaning there’s insane queues for anyone who can wait as their health issues pile up – since they’re not in immediate risk of death. Most urgent care gets used by pensioners, leading to the budget not being enough for anything else.
My generation pays 24 % of all income as a pension contribution before all other taxes, pension age will be between 68-70 and the system still doesn’t have enough money and there’s pressure for increasing contributions even further. Still the current retirees have the audacity to complain if someone tells them they had it easier. The pension system was designed as an insurance, instead of everyone’s payments being invested. I have practically zero trust I’ll ever see a single cent of the money I put in.
Most of the ones responsible for actually building the welfare state are already dead, or close to dying. The ones I’m talking about are their children who chose to ignore all the problems they were presented with (like the ballooning costs of pensions and healthcare, and shrinking generations), and are now whining when the next generation doesn’t want to pay for all their mistakes.
The main reason I’m so fed up with the current retirees in Finland is, that there’s been insane amounts of austerity for years now – but the austerity measures never affect pensions as they’re treated as an earned benefit. Without any thought toward the fact that the first generations to actually “save” their pension in full (i.e. contributing enough) were those born in 60’s and 70’s, not the ones who are currently retired. Also the choices etc. are already taken into account, you don’t get a new liver if you’re an alcoholic and things like that.
Precisely, additionally we’re collectively too poor for healthcare unless we do our best to reduce the need for it in the first place. That’s why many countries in the EU for example are trying to regulate people away from unhealthy behaviour. Healthcare costs are already disproportionately burdened by the workforce while those who benefit are people on their last legs, since your guaranteed necessary care (at least in the Finnish system). That’s why there have been talks to lax the guarantees of the healthcare system for e.g. people over 80, who cause almost the majority of all costs.
The society is planning on the basis that I’ll be a productive worker until 69,5 years old – that’s the recommended age for starting my government backed pension. Good luck making it that far without a rigorous focus on one’s health.
Infuriatingly that would omit things like unit test runners from the history in case they don’t pass. As a developer I tend to re-run failed commands quite often, not sure how widely that applies, though.
Yep, infuriatingly installers often default to small /boot volumes, and if you want to change that value better say goodbye to automatic partitioning. Although, after trying to make the installer behave, giving up and manually formatting the drive, I finally got the push required to set up both encrypted root and encrypted /home on separate drives.
Currently I use an 8 GiB /boot, but I really think Debian installer should start making 2 GiB or even 4 GiB /boot the default now. Dumb to have the installer shoot itself in the foot like this. Ubuntu still does the same thing for some reason, as if we don’t have room on the drives to fit a bit more futureproof /boot there.
Ok – that works a bit differently for our code then. Standard breakers are 10 A and 16 A, which means 10 A and 16 A constant load. Load characteristics affect which profile you use, typical residential alternatives are B and C profile breakers. B trips quicker, C trips slower and is meant for circuits with more reactive load characteristics. 16 A C profile breaker can take up to an hour to trip under 18-19 A load as an example. Your standard breaker can deal with quite a lot of inrush current – even with the faster B profile.
Wiring is built to withstand approximately 15 A when using a 10 A breaker, and 20 A when using a 16 A breaker. As such, the fuses display the value for constant loads, not for the peak. The most commonly used outlets in the EU (i.e. Schuko) are rated for 8 A continuous, 16 A peak, and are typically put on a 16 A circuit. 10 A circuits are mainly used for lighting nowadays, at least in Finland – 16 A being the standard for most things.
The voltage difference might have something to do with this, as 230 V will be capable of driving much more power though a potential short. As such any actual fault condition will most likely cause the fuse to trip quite quickly. Also current code mandates GFCI on all outlets in a house, which will help with smaller faults that aren’t enough for the breaker to trip.
At least here the electrical service base rate is largely set by the max amperage you can draw from the grid. I’ll use my own home’s electricity cost breakdown as an example (all listed prices, even the additional tax, include our 25.5 % VAT)
For many cities in Finland the base rate for grid connection is considerably higher, and especially for apartments tends to be the majority of your electricity bill outside major urban centers. Even in cities it makes up a large percentage, so there’s a big incentive to not overspec your service.
As a European those power draws listed sound absolutely absurd to me. I mean, I can easily believe you, but a stove pulling 50 A at 240 V, so 12 kW, sounds like a complete overkill in normal use. The dryer power use also sounds comically high, when viewed from a country where heat pump dryers are the norm.
Let’s go for a standard single family home example. Level 2 charger is either 8 A (5.5 kW) or 16 A (11 kW) three phase. On top of that, typical sauna is 6-7.5 kW, 1-2 heat pumps (approx. 1.5 kW a piece), stove (8.5 kW max), water heater (2-3 kW), + other appliances like dishwasher, washing machine etc.
It would seem like that easily trips the breaker, but you won’t be charging the car and warming up the sauna at the same time, unless opting to 5.5 kW charging. However, you typically charge the car at night, when the other things running are the heat pumps and the water heater – this will end up drawing around 16 kW total (in the worst case scenario) which fits in the limit. When you don’t count the car into the mix, there’s plenty of power to go around.
There are multiple reasons behind this. One is our homes are relatively well insulated, which means that we can get by with a lot less AC and heating. Appliances in the EU are also generally more efficient – as an example, our dryers are typically based on heat pumps and pull a lot less amperage for the same performance. Lot of homes also don’t have a dryer. Stoves have generally lower power requirements as well, and practically never draw peak power. Here’s an example washer+dryer combo where the suggested fuse for the whole thing is 10 A (meaning 2.3 kW available for the combo).
So listing the same appliances you have (at 230 V single phase equivalent for simplicity, i.e. 75 A available (3 * 25))
Which will result in 79 A total worst case or 103 A depending on the car charger spec. A bit over the 75 A available, and not calculating additional smaller loads like the microwave, kettle, TV, lighting etc. That worst case will in practice never be reached, though, and even the main breaker typically has some tolerance before it trips (usually main breaker is using a slow-blow fuse equivalent profile, which doesn’t immediately trip with a minor overload or a short spike). Our code mandates enough tolerance in wiring gauges that this doesn’t pose any risk.
Why don’t we want the added headroom then? Upgrading the service from 3x25A to 3x35A isn’t really that expensive in urban areas, and can be done relatively simply? Well – Finns are stingy and depending on who happens to own your local distribution grid you can get heavily penalized monetarily in the long term, when upgrading the service to a higher tier. Caruna owns a lot of the Finnish distribution grid nowadays, and as an example from their pricing chart going from 3x25A to 3x35A raises your monthly base rate from 29.71 € to 51.68 €. That’s 240 € extra per year, which is a pretty high cost for a just in case that’s easily avoided. In cities that still have municipally owned distribution (Lahti, Turku, Helsinki as an example) the costs are typically much lower, both for upgrading the service and monthly costs, compared to the privately owned grids.
Also, it’s typically not that expensive to upgrade your panel, if you live in a zoned area. Buildings in the unzoned area typically have good electrical connections since in the countryside you typically want access to three phases.
As an example for moving from older single phase service to 3x25A, it costs around 810 € typically, with 2000-3000 € as a worst case scenario. That’s in Lahti, Finland – in Espoo it seems to be around 500 €
Of course there’s then the need to upgrade the panel as well, but that’s a relatively simple operation.
My childhood home had 3x90A breakers since it originally had a resistive heat setup, in a relatively large building (plus some other energy intensive equipment housed there). In reality it was far too much even then, the max load we calculated under full load was more like 25-30 kW.
Well, true. Fair enough
Ok, so the US-style GFCI-breakers are indeed a lot more expensive than similarly rated DIN-rail alternatives. TIL
one of us
The first point is actually a really good one, and one I didn’t really remember to consider. I’d guess it has at least something to do with that (and would explain why many homes around here are still configured with traditional fuses for the main connection – no need to worry about lifetime when you have to replace them anyways)
Not talking about the circuits, but the main electrical connection to the grid. To me it often seems like there’s reluctance in overcommitting overprovisioning that capacity: as an example, four 16A circuits on a 25A main breaker. Here that’s quite common, but even in Tech connections videos I’ve seen him bring up smart electric cabinets or automatic load monitoring when putting enough capacity on the mains to possibly go over.
What I’m asking is, why bother? If you trip the mains by having too much load, just reset the breaker and be done with it. No need to automate things to not run into that situation, one will learn to not have the oven on while charging the car full blast. No need to gimp the charger amperage since you’re running a new circuit anyway, and it’s not like it’s much different running a 20A circuit vs a 40A one. If that’s 70% of your total available capacity, it doesn’t matter – worst you have to do is walk downstairs and flip a switch.
I might’ve been unclear, I don’t mean 230 V by itself, but three-phase distribution. The standard socket is labeled either 3x16A 230V alternatively labeled 380V 16A. Typically uses an IEC 60309 plug that looks like this:
(Source: https://www.plugsocketmuseum.nl/IEC60309_2.html)
Three phase has other benefits besides just more power, the US has it with their lower voltage as well, but typically reserved just for larger buildings.
Are they somehow more expensive in the US? 40A 230V rated ones cost something like 30-50 € around here which doesn’t feel that expensive to me. I’ll admit it’s considerably more expensive (~4x the price) than a standard breaker, but it’s still more like a rounding error in overall costs.
Although EVSE’s projection doesn’t require you to periodically trip the GFCI so it doesn’t get stuck, which is a major plus.
One of the main historical reasons was the Debian project’s puritan approach to open source, meaning the distro was very picky about what it could easily run on. As an example, most network drivers for Realtek nics weren’t included out of the box as they contained non-free code, there was no direct way to install Nvidia drivers instead of nouveau, a lot of the hardware didn’t work in the installer unless you sideloaded the drivers from a usb stick and so on.
There was a non-free ISO version to get around this, but you needed to know of it to use it, and it wasn’t provided anywhere by default. The download page for it was just a barebone directory listing within the mirror. No link or information was provided for it on the main project page.
Starting from version 12 or 13 (don’t remember exactly) proprietary drivers have been included in the installation images, which removed the biggest pain point (IMO) for novice users. Apart from that Debian has been one of the easier distros to install, and has things like a considerably better experience when updating to the next major release. It’s not really slower to update packages than Ubuntu, as I’d be wary of recommending the non-LTS versions to novice users. They tend to be quite unstable compared to LTS.
Personally I’ve daily driven Debian for close to five years, on all my devices except the work laptop. That one is running Ubuntu 24.04 as the employer requires either that or Fedora for Linux users.